This case study examines some of the changes to women’s voice, leadership and access to decision-making that have taken place in Afghanistan over the past decade. In order to do so, as part of a broader study, it asks two central questions: (i) what are the enabling factors for women’s voice, leadership and access to decision-making in Afghan political processes? And (ii) what do we know about whether and how women’s voice, leadership and presence in decision-making roles within these processes actually result in greater gender equality for Afghan women? It looks at the role that international actors have played in this regard and identifies lessons learnt for future engagement.